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Mahmud Ahmadinejad


Mahmud Ahmadinejad atau bisa dibaca Ahmadinezhad (lahir 28 Oktober 1956) adalah Presiden Iran yang keenam. Jabatan kepresidenannya dimulai pada 3 Agustus 2005. Ia pernah menjabat walikota Teheran dari 3 Mei 2003 hingga 28 Juni 2005 waktu ia terpilih sebagai presiden. Ia dikenal secara luas sebagai seorang tokoh konservatif yang mempunyai pandangan Islamis.

Biografi

Lahir di desa pertanian Aradan, dekat Garmsar, sekitar 100 km dari Teheran, sebagai putra seorang pandai besi, keluarganya pindah ke Teheran saat dia berusia satu tahun. Dia lulus dari Universitas Sains dan Teknologi Iran (IUST) dengan gelar doktor dalam bidang teknik dan perencanaan lalu lintas dan transportasi.


Pada tahun 1980, dia adalah ketua perwakilan IUST untuk perkumpulan mahasiswa, dan terlibat dalam pendirian Kantor untuk Pereratan Persatuan (daftar-e tahkim-e vahdat), organisasi mahasiswa yang berada di balik perebutan Kedubes Amerika Serikat yang mengakibatkan terjadinya krisis sandera Iran.

Pada masa Perang Iran-Irak, Ahmedinejad bergabung dengan Korps Pengawal Revolusi Islam pada tahun 1986. Dia terlibat dalam misi-misi di Kirkuk, Irak. Dia kemudian menjadi insinyur kepala pasukan keenam Korps dan kepala staf Korps di sebelah barat Iran. Setelah perang, dia bertugas sebagai wakil gubernur dan gubernur Maku dan Khoy, Penasehat Menteri Kebudayaan dan Ajaran Islam, dan gubernur provinsi Ardabil dari 1993 hingga Oktober 1997.

Ahmadinejad lalu terpilih sebagai walikota Teheran pada Mei 2003. Dalam masa tugasnya, dia mengembalikan banyak perubahan yang dilakukan walikota-walikota sebelumnya yang lebih moderat dan reformis, dan mementingkan nilai-nilai keagamaan dalam kegiatan-kegiatan di pusat-pusat kebudayaan. Selain itu, dia juga menjadi semacam manajer dalam harian Hamshahri dan memecat sang editor, Mohammad Atrianfar, pada 13 Juni 2005, beberapa hari sebelum pemilu presiden, karena tidak mendukungnya dalam pemilu tersebut.

Ahmadinejad diketahui pernah bertengkar dengan Presiden Mohammad Khatami, yang lalu melarangnya menghadiri pertemuan Dewan Menteri, suatu hak yang biasa diberikan kepada para walikota Teheran. Dia telah mengkritik Khatami di depan umum, menuduhnya tidak mengetahui masalah-masalah sehari-hari warga Iran.

Setelah dua tahun sebagai walikota Teheran, Ahmadinejad lalu terpilih sebagai presiden baru Iran. Tak lama setelah terpilih, pada 29 Juni 2005, sempat muncul tuduhan bahwa ia terlibat dalam krisis sandera Iran pada tahun 1979. Iran Focus mengklaim bahwa sebuah foto yang dikeluarkannya menunjukkan Ahmadinejad sedang berjalan menuntun para sandera dalam peristiwa tersebut, namun tuduhan ini tidak pernah dapat dibuktikan.

Kontroversi

Kutipan pernyataannya dalam sebuah pertemuan di hadapan para mahasiswa pada 26 Oktober 2005 dari pernyataan Ayatollah Khomeini yang menyerukan agar Israel "dihapus dari peta dunia" memicu kontroversi. Selain, menuai kecaman dari berbagai pemimpin dunia, termasuk Wakil Perdana Menteri Shimon Peres. Peres bahkan membalas dengan menuntut agar Iran dikeluarkan dari keanggotaan di Dewan Perserikatan Bangsa-bangsa.

Pernyataan yang kontroversial ini diulang kembali pada 14 Desember 2005. Saat itu, ia berkata bahwa Holocaust (peristiwa pembantaian terhadap kaum Yahudi oleh rezim Nazi pada masa Perang Dunia II) hanyalah sebuah mitos yang digunakan bangsa Eropa untuk menciptakan negara Yahudi di jantung dunia Islam. Ia juga sempat menyelenggarakan konfrensi tentang Holocaust.

Sementara, kritik dalam negeri mengenai kebijakan domestik dan luar negeri terus mengalir deras. Kritik datang dari tokoh ulama besar Ayatollah Hossein Ali Montazeri. Merujuk retorika Ahmadinejad terhadap Amerika Serikat, Montazeri menyatakan bahwa sangat perlu bertindak logis terhadap musuh dan tidak memprovokasi. Bagi Montazeri, ekstremisme tidak berbuah baik untuk rakyat.

Iran menegaskan bahwa pengembangan teknologi nuklir merupakan hak yang tidak bisa disangkal meskipun Dewan Keamanan Perserikatan Bangsa-bangsa mengeluarkan resolusi yang menuntut Iran untuk menghentikan program pengayaan uranium. Ahmadinejad mendapat kritikan dari kalangan konservatif maupun reformis mengenai kebijakan ekonominya dan cara dia menangani isu nuklir Iran.

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John Edwards


John Edwards(born June 10, 1953), is an American politician, first as a one-term U.S. Senator from North Carolina, then the Democratic nominee for Vice President in 2004, and currently a candidate for the Democratic nomination in the 2008 Presidential election.

He defeated incumbent Republican Lauch Faircloth in North Carolina's 1998 Senate election and during his six-year term sought the Democratic presidential nomination in the 2004 presidential election.

He eventually became the Democratic candidate for Vice President, the running mate of presidential nominee Senator John Kerry of Massachusetts. After Edwards and Kerry lost the election to incumbents George W. Bush and Dick Cheney, Edwards began working full time at the One America Committee, a political action committee he established in 2001, and was appointed director of the Center on Poverty, Work and Opportunity at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Law. He was also a consultant for Fortress Investment Group LLC.

Early life, education, and family

Edwards was born on June 10, 1953 to Wallace Reid Edwards and Catharine Juanita "Bobbie" Wade in Seneca, South Carolina. The family moved several times during Edwards' childhood, eventually settling in Robbins, North Carolina, where his father worked as a textile mill floor worker, eventually promoted to supervisor; his mother had a roadside antique finishing business and then worked as a postal letter carrier when his father left his job.

A football star in high school,Edwards was the first person in his family to attend college. He attended Clemson University and transferred to North Carolina State University. Edwards graduated with high honors earning a bachelor's degree in textile technology in 1974, and later earned his Juris Doctor from the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (UNC) with honors.

While at UNC, he met Elizabeth Anania, who is four years his senior. They married in the summer of 1977 and had four children. Wade, was born in 1979, Cate in 1982, Emma Claire in 1998, and Jack, born in 2000. Their son Wade was killed in a car accident when strong winds swept his Jeep off a North Carolina highway in 1996. Edwards and his wife began the Wade Edwards Foundation in their son's memory; the purpose of the nonprofit organization is "to reward, encourage, and inspire young people in the pursuit of excellence." The Foundation funded the Wade Edwards Learning Lab at Wade's high school, Broughton High School in Raleigh, along with scholarship competitions and essay awards. Just weeks before Wade died, he had been honored at the White House by First Lady Hillary Clinton for an essay he wrote on entering the voting booth with his father.

On November 3, 2004, Elizabeth Edwards revealed that she had been diagnosed with breast cancer. She was treated via chemotherapy and radiotherapy,and continued to work within the Democratic Party and her husband's One America Committee. On March 22, 2007, Edwards and his wife announced that her cancer had returned; she was diagnosed with stage IV breast cancer, with newly discovered metastases to the bone and possibly to her lung.They said that the cancer was "no longer curable, but is completely treatable,and that they planned to continue campaigning together with an occasional break when she requires treatment.

On December 28, 2006, John Edwards officially announced his candidacy for President in the 2008 election from the yard of a home in New Orleans, Louisiana that was being rebuilt after it was destroyed by Hurricane Katrina.Edwards has stated that his main goals are eliminating poverty, fighting global warming, providing universal health care, and withdrawing troops from Iraq.

National polls have had Edwards placing third among the current Democratic field since January, behind Senator Hillary Clinton and Senator Barack Obama.As of July 2007, the Edwards campaign raised a total of $23 million from nearly 100,000 donors, placing him behind Obama and Clinton in fundraising.

2008 presidential campaign

On January 3, 2008, in the Iowa Caucuses, the first contest of the nomination process, Edwards placed second with 29.75 percent of the vote to Obama (37.58 percent), with Clinton coming in third with 29.47 percent of the vote.On January 8, Edwards placed a distant third in the New Hampshire Democratic primary with just less than 17 % (48,818 votes). On January 26, Edwards again placed third in the South Carolina Democratic primary, 2008, his home state which he carried in 2004.

Political positions

Edwards promotes programs to eliminate poverty in the United States, is pro-choice, and supports "College for Everyone" initiatives. He has endorsed efforts to slow down global warming.

Although Edwards initially supported the Iraq War, he later re-evaluated his position and in November 2005 wrote an op-ed in the Washington Post in which he said he regretted voting for the Iraq War Resolution, and discussed three solutions for success in the conflict.He has denounced the "troop surge" in Iraq and is a proponent of withdrawal and has urged Congress to withhold funding for the war without a withdrawal timetable.

Edwards argues in favor of creating one million housing vouchers over five years in order to place poor people in middle class neighborhoods. Edwards has stated, "If we truly believe that we are all equal, then we should live together too.


Edwards has a universal health care plan that requires all Americans to purchase health care, "requires that everybody get preventive care,and that requires employers to provide health care or be taxed to fund public health care.He supports a pathway to citizenship for illegal immigrants,is opposed to a constitutional amendment banning same-sex marriage,and supports the repeal of the Defense of Marriage Act

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Hillary Clinton


Hillary Rodham Clinton (terlahir Hillary Diane Rodham pada 27 Oktober 1947) adalah senator junior Amerika Serikat dari negara bagian New York, suatu jabatan yang dimulai pada 3 Januari 2001. Ia menikah dengan Bill Clinton, Presiden Amerika Serikat ke-42 dan Ibu Negara Amerika Serikat selama dua masa jabatan (1993 - 2001). Sebelumnya, ia adalah seorang pengacara.

Hillary Clinton adalah mantan Ibu Negara pertama yang memenangkan pemilihan umum untuk suatu jabatan di AS. Pada 20 Januari 2007 ia resmi menyatakan dirinya ikut serta dalam pemilihan umum presiden Amerika Serikat 2008.


Masa kecil dan pendidikan

Hillary Rodham dilahirkan di Chicago, Illinois, dan dibesarkan dalam sebuah keluarga Methodist di Park Ridge, Illinois. Ayahnya, Hugh Ellsworth Rodham, seorang konservatif, adalah seorang eksekutif dalam industri tekstil, dan ibunya, Dorothy Emma Howell Rodham, seorang ibu rumah tangga. Hillary mempunyai dua orang saudara lelaki, Hugh dan Tony. Mantan duta besar AS untuk Britania Raya, Philip Lader, merujuk kepada minatnya yang mendalam kepada nenek moyangnya dari Wales

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